{"id":2910,"date":"2022-09-15T22:34:21","date_gmt":"2022-09-16T01:34:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/argentinaglobal.org.ar\/?p=2910"},"modified":"2023-01-19T22:36:04","modified_gmt":"2023-01-20T01:36:04","slug":"naval-operations-across-south-american-rivers-the-other-theater-of-operations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/argentinaglobal.org.ar\/eng\/naval-operations-across-south-american-rivers-the-other-theater-of-operations\/","title":{"rendered":"NAVAL OPERATIONS ACROSS SOUTH AMERICAN RIVERS: THE “OTHER” THEATER OF OPERATIONS"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Southern Tide<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by Wilder Alejandro Sanchez, The Southern Tide<\/em><\/a> addresses maritime security issues throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. It discusses the challenges regional navies face including limited defense budgets, inter-state tensions, and transnational crimes. It also examines how these challenges influence current and future defense strategies, platform acquisitions, and relations with global powers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhether [working] against COVID, transnational criminal organizations, the predatory actions of China, the malign influence of Russia, or natural disasters, there\u2019s nothing we cannot overcome or achieve through an integrated response with our interagency allies and partners.\u201d \u2013<\/em> General Laura J. Richardson, Commander, U.S. Southern Command<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

When thinking about navies, there is a natural tendency to focus on operations in the open sea and the role of carriers, frigates, and submarines. However, aside from protecting their territorial waters and exclusive economic zones, South American navies have another equally important theater of operation: inland water bodies like lakes and rivers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The recently concluded riverine exercises ACRUX X and BRACOLPER and even last year\u2019s UNITAS 2021 demonstrate the importance that regional navies place on inland bodies of water and riverine populations. Activities carried out by local navies, not to mention other armed services, including defense\/security operations, combating crimes (illegal mining and smuggling are significant problems in the region), search and rescue, and humanitarian assistance\/disaster relief operations. In South America, the armed forces help extend the reach of the state to areas where civilian agencies do not operate; navies utilize rivers as a system of complex highways via which they can move and operate just as efficiently as in the open sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inland Water Bodies in South America<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

South America is home to many rivers like the Amazon, Orinoco, Parana, and Uruguay, not to mention lakes like Lake Titicaca. In several areas where roads are non-existent, rivers are vital for the movement of people and goods. Landlocked nations Bolivia and Paraguay also have navies tasked with protecting their rivers and lakes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Given the dense web of rivers and tributaries blanketing South America, it is unsurprising that these bodies of water are used to determine borders between countries. For example, the Putumayo River creates a natural border between Colombia and Peru; the Uruguay River separates Argentina and Uruguay; while Parana and Iguazu Rivers make the famous \u201cTriple Border\u201d that unites Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Finally, Lake Titicaca is shared between Bolivia and Peru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In an interview with the author, Rear-Admiral (ret.) M\u00e1ximo P\u00e9rez-Le\u00f3n-Barreto<\/strong>, from the Argentine Navy, and current Director of Strategic Affairs for <\/strong>Fundaci\u00f3n Argentina Global<\/strong><\/a>, explained how the maritime highway created by the Paraguay, Parana, and Uruguay rivers are a \u201cfree area of travel\u201d along the border between Argentina and its neighbors. \u201cFor Argentina, this area is a prime source of resources [including water], a source of electricity, and where a significant part of our population lives.\u201d Similarly, Andrea Resende, an Associate Professor at the University Center of Belo Horizonte (UNIBH<\/a>) and Ph.D. candidate at the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais (PUC MINAS<\/a>), explained to CIMSEC that in Brazil, there is about 60,000 km of waterways with 12 different drainage basins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like gold, oil, or land, waterways were previously a reason to go to war. In the case of Brazil, \u201cthe waterways were so important that the Imperial Brazilian Navy sent gunboats by the Paran\u00e1 River to fight in the Paraguayan War (1864 \u2013 1870), which resulted in the Riachuelo Battle (1865),\u201d Resende explained. Anecdotally, the battle lends its name to Brazil\u2019s first domestically manufactured submarine, the Riachuelo<\/em> (S-40). While the Brazilian Navy is much more focused on its blue water capabilities these days, under its \u201cBlue Amazon\u201d initiative, rivers and lakes should not be overlooked by strategic planners. Resende noted that \u201cwith the publication of the White Book of Defense<\/a> (2012) and the Navy\u2019s Strategic Plan for 2040<\/a> (PEM 2040), released in 2020, the waterways have regained relevance in the strategic thought.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Operations across Rivers and Lakes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Listing all recent operations that South American navies have performed would be problematic due to space considerations. In recent months, several activities demonstrate the plethora of activities navies carry out across these inland bodies of water. For example, the Peruvian Navy, alongside the Army, Air Force, and Police, are combating illegal mining<\/a> in the Madre de Dios region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To crack down on crimes along the border with Brazil, the Bolivian Navy has deployed its special task force Diablos Azules (Blue Devils)<\/a>, including riverine ships Cf. Adrian Cuellar Claure<\/em> (TM-247) and Ing. Alfonso Gumucio<\/em> (TM-341), in addition to smaller craft. The platforms patrol the Ibare, Mamor\u00e9, It\u00e9nez, Machupo, and Blanco Rivers, routinely stopping and searching vessels on said rivers to locate potential contraband.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similarly, Resende explains that \u201call kinds of illegal trafficking are present in the Brazilian Rivers,\u201d including the trafficking of drugs, animals, people, illegal fishing, illegal logging, and illegal mining (gold, ore, and other minerals). In recent months there have been reports of illegal logging <\/a>in the North of the country. \u201cThis is not a surprise since official reports from the Amazon Institute of People and the Environment<\/a> (IMAZON), which coordinates programs to surveil the Amazon rain forest, claims that the illegal logging in the region is the highest in 15 years<\/a>,\u201d the Brazilian academic explained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Navies are also involved in humanitarian assistance\/disaster relief operations. The Brazilian<\/a> and Peruvian<\/a> navies regularly deploy hospital ships across their rivers (and Lake Titicaca, in the case of Peru) to reach isolated coastal communities and provide medical services. The Bolivian Navy<\/a> also has a hospital ship utilized for similar purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Resende also added the vital work the Brazilian Navy has carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic. \u201cThey continuously delivered food, health care, and educational support for [riverine] communities. When the city of Manaus, capital of the Amazonia state, suffered an oxygen crisis in the middle of the pandemic\u2026 the Navy quickly established a mission to bring oxygen cylinders to the city with the help of the Air Force.\u201d The service also took the lead in delivering vaccines when they became available across the country. A similar situation has occurred in Argentina; as Rear Admiral P\u00e9rez-Le\u00f3n-Barreto explained, the Argentine Navy assists \u201ccommunities that have limited connectivity [to the rest of the country] due to the geography, via sanitation campaigns\u201d in coordination with other agencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rivers can be used to transport equipment for social activities too. For example, the Colombian Navy\u2019s riverine gunboat ARC Leticia<\/em> recently concluded a trip through the Amazon River; the goal was to set up a portable projector to show a movie to the children of Puerto Narino municipality. This social initiative is called \u201cCine 90<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Riverine Exercises<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brazil, Colombia, and Peru border each other, with the Amazon River crossing them all. Their navies carry out BRACOLPER, one of the oldest joint multinational exercises in the region, dating back to 1974.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This exercise is a critical confidence-building mechanism by which vessels from the three countries travel the Amazon, crossing international borders, providing medical assistance to local inhabitants, and carrying out joint maneuvers and security operations. BRACOLPER 2022 lasted 35 days, according to Brazilian Vice Admiral Thadeu Marcos Orosco Coelho Lobo<\/a>, commander of the Navy\u2019s 9th Naval District. He explained \u201cannually we cover around five thousand kilometers, across the Maran\u00f5n, Negro, and Solim\u00f5es Rivers [and we perform] tactical naval exercises for riverine operations, with a focus on command, control, and communications.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2022 maneuvers were divided into three phases: phases I and II along the Maran\u00f5n River in Peru between Leticia (Colombia) and Iquitos (Peru), while phase III occurred in Amazonas (Brazil) along the Negro and Solim\u00f5es Rivers. Around 400 military personnel from the three countries participated, including Brazil\u2019s riverine patrol ships Raposo Tavares<\/em>, Rondonia,<\/em> and the hospital ship Oswaldo Cruz<\/em>. Peru deployed the riverine vessel BAP Clavero<\/em><\/a> (CF-15).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other major riverine exercise in South America is ACRUX. Its latest iteration took place along the Uruguay River, which separates Argentina and Uruguay, with Montevideo hosting the exercises, which lasted from 16-24 August 2022. Around 500 military personnel<\/a> and naval and aerial platforms participated from Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, while Bolivia and Paraguay sent observers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to information provided to the author, the platforms deployed included three Uruguayan ships, R\u00edo Negro<\/em> (ROU 11), scientific vessel Maldonado<\/em> (ROU 23), and support vessel Banco Ortiz<\/em> (ROU 27); two Argentine ships, multipurpose ship ARA Ciudad de Z\u00e1rate <\/em>(Q-61) and patrol vessel R\u00edo Santiago<\/em> (P-66), and two Brazilian platforms, the riverine patrol ship Parna\u00edba<\/em> (U 17) and riverine support vessel Pontengi<\/em> (G 17). As for aerial platforms, Brazil sent one Ecureuil\/Esquilo helicopter, while Uruguay deployed one Bell 412 helicopter and four fixed-wing aircraft from its naval aviation: two Beechcraft B-200 Super King Air, one Cessna O-2 Skymaster, and one Beechcraft T-34 Mentor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The exercises took place in Fray Bentos, Uruguay. They included marine traffic control, in which the naval command from the three nations, plus assets in the water, worked together during simulated emergency alerts<\/a>, issuing meteorological bulletins, and classifying vessels that passed through the River, among other activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rear Adm P\u00e9rez-Le\u00f3n-Barreto stressed the importance of riverine exercises like ACRUX, \u201cthey allow [navies] to maintain a high degree of coordination to understand risks, prevent them and mitigate the effects\u201d of potential disasters or other incidents. Resende had a similar opinion about the importance of BRACOLPER and ACRUX, adding, \u201cthose exercises are an essential part not only of the Brazilian Navy but expresses the sentiment of the whole continent: cooperation is always the key.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The United States military understands the importance of riverine operations for its South American partners. Case in point, in 2021, the famous multinational exercise UNITAS included an Amazon phase for the first time. UNITAS LXII-Amazon<\/a> included naval personnel from Colombia, Ecuador, Uruguay, the United States, and Peru, which hosted the exercises. The Amazon phase took place in the Peruvian Amazon, close to Iquitos. It included fast rope insertion from helicopters, riverine patrols, river-crossing in improvised craft, and insertion and extraction on riverine combat craft, among other maneuvers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lakes and rivers across South America require the same protection that navies provide to the open ocean, as riverine crimes are vast. The recent exercises BRACOLPER, ACRUX, and UNITAS-Amazon 2021 highlight how South America\u2019s militaries, particularly the navies, train to patrol and defend inland water bodies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*Entrevista realizada a M\u00e1ximo P\u00e9rez Le\u00f3n Barreto por Wilder Alejandro S\u00e1nchez para el Center for International Maritime Security (CIMSEC). Fue publicada el d\u00eda 29 de septiembre de 2022.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Southern Tide Written by Wilder Alejandro Sanchez, The Southern Tide addresses maritime security issues throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. 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